There exists marked gender difference of functional limitation incidence among Chinese elderly. Specifically，women are more likely to suffer from difficulties of activity of daily living. This paper intends to explain this puzzle from the perspective of family human capital investment with the son preference that results in gender difference of educational attainment. Cognition is critical for maintaining ac- tivity of daily living and education has a positive effect on cognition at older age. Thus，gender difference in education in early life is transmitted to gender difference of functional limitation in later life. We verify this hypothesis by using CHARLS baseline data and find that cognition，especially the crystallized intelligence part，has an important effect on the reduction of functional limitation impairment rate. With the improvement of girl's education，better health equality can be achieved among older men and women.

Although China has made great progress in urbanization，there remain a range of problems and challenges. One is the income disparity between migrant workers and urban locals. This paper utilizes the RUMiC baseline data to empirically analyze the income disparity problem using unconditional quintile and RIF regression decomposition method. The data show that the income gap increases from low to high quintile. The proportion of income disparity explained by structural effects also increases with the growth of income. However，there exists favorable income determination mechanism for migrant workers in the low income quintile. The main factors that contribute to the composition effects are human capital and occupational /industrial differences. Implications for policies in reducing income disparities are discussed.